#MAGNETIC SKETCHPAD MANUAL#
#MAGNETIC SKETCHPAD SOFTWARE#

D’Esposito, in Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 2008 3.13.2.5 The Visuospatial Sketchpad However, in this chapter we will focus on learning and retrieving everyday memories.ī.R. Other types of learning use other parts of the brain (see Section 8.0). Learning is not limited to the neocortex. Because this is the central theme of this chapter, we begin with a cartoon version in Figure 9.4. That experience – of imagining yesterday's coffee cup – makes use of visual cortex again. We thereby reconstruct some part of the original memory, again using the MTL to integrate memory traces into a coherent conscious experience. When we encounter a reminder of a specific past experience of the coffee cup, the bound memory traces ‘light up’ the corresponding regions of cortex again. Memory is for use in the real world, and retrieval is therefore as important as learning. Notice that visual cortex is involved in perception, learning, and episodic recall. Visual cortex is therefore needed to reconstruct the sight of the coffee cup, which is never identical to the original cup, but rather a plausible recreation of a pattern of visual activation that overlaps with the first one. When the episodic memory – the sight of the coffee cup – is cued the following day, maybe by someone asking, ‘Did you like the way I made the coffee yesterday?’, MTL is once again involved in retrieving and organizing widespread cortical memory traces. Visual features of the cup, like the handle, are also part of the associative complex that becomes activated. These include semantic associates of the coffee cup, such as the coffee beans in the picture below. In the middle panel, storage is achieved when MTL coordinates widespread memory traces (involving synaptic modification) throughout many parts of cortex. In the left panel, the sight of a coffee cup standing on a table activates visual cortex up to the level of object perception (see Chapter 6). How MTL is believed to help store and retrieve episodic memories. An electronic edition (3.9MB PDF) was published in 2003.Figure 9.4. Ivan Sutherland's PhD thesis was reprinted in 1980 under the title ' Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system'.

#MAGNETIC SKETCHPAD SOFTWARE#

Possibly of even greater significance and sadly almost ignored in the CAD software market in the 40 years since Ivan Sutherland published his thesis, Sketchpad proved that computers can be used not just for engineering and repetitive drafting but can be used interactively by designers and potentially artists in the concept creation and innovation stage of a product's lifecycle.

#MAGNETIC SKETCHPAD MANUAL#

Sketchpad proved beyond doubt that computers could automate repetitive design and drafting tasks with a reliability and accuracy not possible by manual methods. Sketchpad's drawings were created, duplicated and stored at 2000:1 scale which allowed very large layouts. if the master drawing was changed then the changes would automatically be propogated through the instances in any duplicates.the master-instance concept allowed the creation of a master drawing and then duplicates to be created which would inherit properties of the objects in the master drawing unless they were locally changed,.an advanced memory architecture was developed that allowed the creation of master objects and 'instances' which were very memory efficient copies of the masters,.rubber-banded lines could be constrained to always intersect at a precise angle,.the light pen was used to draw directly on the computer's monitor and incorporated graphical user interface techniques such as rubber-banding of lines and zooming,.Sketchpad's most incredible breakthroughs were in the way that it allowed the user to interact with the computer: The computer occupied about 1,000 square feet (~93 square meters) and the 320kb memory core alone was ~1 cubic yard (~0.76 cubic meters).

As with most computers of that era, programs were written in macro-assembler, punched onto paper tape and fed into the computer's paper tape reader. The computer was very advanced for its time and had 320kb main memory, an 8Mb magnetic tape storage device, a 7 inch 1024x1024 monitor, a light pen and a button box. Sketchpad was developed at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory on a TX-2 computer. It is a tribute to Sketchpad's uniqueness that it defined a GUI (Graphical User Interface) more than 20 years before the term was first used. Sketchpad was an innovative system developed in 1963 by Ivan

Magnetic sketchpad